In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) – A Leading Fertility Treatment in the UK

IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) is one of the most well-known and widely used fertility treatments in the UK, helping individuals and couples conceive when natural conception is not possible. This guide covers everything you need to know about IVF — from the process and success rates to costs, risks, and alternative options. Whether you’re considering IVF for the first time or simply looking for more information, this article offers clear, concise insights to help you make informed decisions.

What is In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)?

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a type of fertility treatment that helps individuals and couples conceive when natural conception is not possible. It involves retrieving eggs from the ovaries, fertilising them with sperm in a laboratory environment, and transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. IVF is a highly advanced procedure that has become the most common fertility treatment in the UK.

IVF mimics natural conception but takes place outside the body. The process begins with stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, which are then collected and combined with sperm in a controlled lab setting. If fertilisation occurs, the developing embryo is transferred to the uterus, where it may implant and result in pregnancy.

As a widely used fertility treatment, IVF has helped thousands of people get pregnant when other methods have not worked. In the UK, IVF is regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), ensuring that clinics meet high standards of care. IVF is available through both NHS-funded programs and private fertility clinics, depending on eligibility and funding criteria.

The Role of IVF in Modern Fertility Care

Since its introduction over 40 years ago, IVF has continued to evolve, with scientific advancements improving embryo culture, laboratory techniques, and patient outcomes. The procedure is tailored to individual needs, with adjustments made based on factors such as egg quality, sperm health, and underlying fertility conditions.

As a leading fertility treatment, IVF has enabled many individuals and couples to conceive, offering hope to those facing infertility.

Who Needs IVF Treatment?

IVF is a widely used fertility treatment that helps individuals and couples conceive when other methods have failed. Originally developed to help women with blocked fallopian tubes, its use has since expanded to treat a variety of fertility conditions in both men and women. Additionally, IVF is now an option for same-sex couples, single parents, and individuals looking to preserve fertility through egg or embryo freezing.

Common Conditions Treated with IVF

Blocked or Damaged Fallopian Tubes: One of the first medical indications for IVF, blocked or damaged fallopian tubes prevent the egg from meeting sperm naturally. IVF bypasses the fallopian tubes, making it an effective solution for women with tubal factor infertility.
Male Factor Infertility: IVF can help individuals with low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or abnormal sperm shape. In cases where sperm quality is significantly compromised, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is often used to inject a single sperm directly into an egg.
Unexplained Infertility: For couples where standard fertility tests fail to identify a clear cause of infertility, IVF is often recommended as a solution to increase the chances of conception. It allows fertility specialists to closely monitor fertilisation and embryo development, providing insights into previously unidentified reproductive issues.
Endometriosis: Endometriosis occurs when uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus, potentially affecting egg quality, ovulation, and implantation. IVF is a recommended treatment for moderate to severe endometriosis, as it helps bypass some of the complications caused by the condition.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a common hormonal disorder that affects ovulation, leading to irregular periods and difficulty getting pregnant. Many women with PCOS require ovulation induction medication to conceive, but if this fails, IVF is a viable alternative.
Premature Ovarian Failure or Low Ovarian Reserve: Some women experience early menopause or diminished ovarian function, resulting in a low egg count. IVF can sometimes be successful with the use of fertility drugs to stimulate the ovaries, or in cases of extremely low ovarian reserve, egg donation may be considered.
Uterine Fibroids: These non-cancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation and pregnancy success. IVF may be recommended for women whose fibroids have affected their ability to conceive naturally.
Cancer and Fertility Preservation: For individuals undergoing chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery that may affect their reproductive health, IVF allows for egg or embryo freezing before treatment. This provides an opportunity to preserve fertility and attempt pregnancy later.
Same-Sex Couples and Single Parents: IVF is increasingly used by same-sex couples and individuals seeking to have children. For lesbian couples, IVF with donor sperm allows for conception, while male couples may use a gestational carrier with donor eggs.

IVF continues to evolve, offering more individuals the chance to conceive regardless of their medical history, age, or reproductive challenges.

The IVF Process Step-by-Step

1. Day 1 of Your Menstrual Cycle

Your IVF cycle starts on the first day of your period, allowing fertility specialists to assess your hormone levels and ovaries through an ultrasound scan and blood tests. This ensures your body is ready for the next stage of treatment.

2. Ovarian Stimulation

To increase the chances of pregnancy, hormone injections (FSH and sometimes LH) stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the usual one. Regular ultrasound scans and blood tests monitor follicle growth. When they reach the right size, a trigger injection (hCG) is given to mature the eggs before retrieval.

3. Egg Retrieval

Around 34–36 hours after the trigger injection, the eggs are collected using an ultrasound-guided needle under sedation. The procedure takes about 20–30 minutes, and most people return home the same day.

4. Sperm Preparation

A sperm sample is provided on the day of egg retrieval (or thawed if frozen). The healthiest, most motile sperm are selected in the lab to optimise fertilisation.

5. Fertilisation

Fertilisation occurs in one of two ways; either through standard IVF where eggs and sperm are combined in a dish to fertilise naturall, or ICSI where a single sperm is injected into each egg, often used for male infertility cases.

6. Embryo Development

The fertilised eggs (embryos) develop in a controlled environment for up to five days. Embryologists assess their quality before selecting the most viable for transfer.

7. Embryo Transfer

A thin catheter is used to place the embryo into the uterus. This quick and painless procedure does not require anesthesia, and normal activities can usually resume afterward.

8. Pregnancy Blood Test

Two weeks later, a blood test measures hCG levels to confirm pregnancy. If positive, follow-up ultrasounds track progress. If negative, your specialist will discuss further options.

For a more comprehensive overview, visit our page on the IVF process here.

Success Rates of IVF in the UK

The success of IVF treatment varies by age group, embryo type (fresh vs. frozen), and individual health factors. The table below presents preliminary 2022 IVF success rates from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), showing pregnancy and live birth rates per embryo transferred for different age groups.

*Age group*	*Pregnancy rate per fresh embryo transfer (%)*	*Live Birth Rate per Fresh Embryo Transfer (%)*	*Pregnancy Rate per Frozen Embryo Transfer (%)*	*Live Birth Rate per Frozen Embryo Transfer (%)*
18-34	42 %	35%	36%	30%
35-37	34%	26%	30%	24%
38-39	26%	18%	24%	19%
40-42	16%	10%	14%	12%
43-44	9%	5%	7%	5%

Factors That Influence IVF Success Rates

Several factors impact the chances of a successful pregnancy with IVF, including:

Age of the Patient – The most critical factor affecting success rates. Younger patients (especially under 35) generally have higher pregnancy and live birth rates due to better egg quality.
Egg and Sperm Quality – IVF success depends on healthy eggs and sperm. Diminished ovarian reserve or male factor infertility can affect outcomes.
Type of Embryo Transfer – Frozen embryo transfers have become more common, with success rates similar to or slightly better than fresh transfers in some cases.
Underlying Cause of Infertility – Conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and male infertility can impact success rates.
Lifestyle and Health Factors – Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and high stress levels can reduce IVF success.
Clinic and Lab Quality – The IVF clinic’s expertise, laboratory technology, and embryo selection process influence the chances of pregnancy.

Realistic Expectations for Patients by Age

Patients in Their 20s to Early 30s (18-34 Years): Highest success rates. Many patients in this age group conceive within their first or second cycle of IVF.
Patients in Their Mid to Late 30s (35-39 Years): Success rates start to decline but remain moderate. Some may require multiple IVF cycles or consider frozen embryo transfers for better results.
Patients in Their 40s (40-44 Years): Significantly lower success rates. Many in this age group consider egg donation to improve the chances of pregnancy.

While IVF offers hope, understanding realistic outcomes helps individuals and couples make informed decisions about treatment. Consulting with a fertility clinic early can help determine the best treatment options.

IVF costs in the UK

The cost of an IVF cycle in the UK varies depending on the clinic and any additional treatments required. On average, the cost per cycle ranges from £3,500 to £5,000, but this does not include necessary add-ons such as medication, embryo freezing, or additional procedures like ICSI, which can increase the overall cost significantly.The total cost of multiple IVF cycles can be substantial, and with only 27% of cycles being NHS-funded in 2022, many patients have to self-fund their treatment.

Risks of IVF

Physical Risks

IVF is generally safe, but it carries some medical risks, including:

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): A condition caused by overstimulation of the ovaries due to fertility drugs, leading to swelling and fluid buildup.
Multiple Pregnancies: While single embryo transfer is now more common, there is still a risk of multiple births, which can increase complications for both mother and babies.
Ectopic Pregnancy: IVF increases the chances of an embryo implanting outside the uterus, which can be a serious complication.
Long-Term Risks: Some studies suggest a possible link between IVF and an increased risk of certain conditions, such as pre-term birth, low birth weight, and a small increase in certain genetic conditions.

Emotional Risks

Stress and Anxiety: The uncertainty and waiting periods involved in IVF treatment can be emotionally taxing.
Depression: Failed cycles can lead to significant emotional distress, especially after repeated attempts.
Relationship Strain: The financial, emotional, and physical demands of IVF may put pressure on relationships.

For more detailed information, check out our page for IVF risks here

Alternatives to IVF

Several alternatives to IVF exist for those who may not be eligible for or prefer not to undergo IVF. Below is a comparison of the main alternatives:

Treatment	Overview	Pros	Cons
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)	Sperm is placed directly into the uterus to increase the chances of fertilisation.	Less invasive, lower cost (£800-£1,300 per cycle)	Lower success rates compared to IVF, not suitable for severe infertility cases.
Ovulation Induction (OI)	Fertility drugs stimulate ovulation for timed intercourse or IUI.	Simple, low-cost, non-invasive	Only suitable for women with ovulatory disorders, does not address male infertility.
Egg or Sperm Donation	Used when there are issues with egg or sperm quality. Donor sperm can be used for IUI or IVF.	Higher success rates for older patients or those with severe infertility issues	Emotional and ethical considerations, costs can be high.
Surrogacy	A surrogate carries the baby for intended parents, often using IVF.	Suitable for those unable to carry a pregnancy	Legally complex, high costs, and limited availability in the UK.

Finding the Right IVF Clinic in the UK

Choosing the right IVF clinic is a crucial step in your fertility journey. For personalised guidance, contact Ovoria today to discuss your options with an expert.

Contact

Can IVF be free in the UK?

Yes, but only for those who meet certain eligibility criteria for NHS-funded treatment. NHS funding varies by location and Integrated Care Boards (ICBs). In 2022, only 27% of IVF cycles were NHS-funded. Those who do not qualify must pursue private treatment.

How long does IVF take?

A full IVF cycle typically takes 4 to 6 weeks, from the start of ovarian stimulation to the pregnancy test. If additional steps like frozen embryo transfers are involved, the timeline may be extended.

Is IVF painful?

The IVF process involves some discomfort, but pain levels vary. Hormone injections may cause mild bloating or cramping. Egg retrieval is done under sedation, so discomfort is minimal. Embryo transfer is usually painless, similar to a routine pap smear.

References

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). (2024, July). Fertility treatment 2022: Preliminary trends and figures. Retrieved from https://www.hfea.gov.uk/about-us/publications/research-and-data/fertility-treatment-2022-preliminary-trends-and-figures/

Bahadur, G., Homburg, R., Bosmans, J. E., Huirne, J. a. F., Hinstridge, P., Jayaprakasan, K., Racich, P., Alam, R., Karapanos, I., Illahibuccus, A., Al-Habib, A., & Jauniaux, E. (2020). Observational retrospective study of UK national success, risks and costs for 319,105 IVF/ICSI and 30,669 IUI treatment cycles. BMJ Open, 10(3), e034566. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034566

Penzias, A. S., Bendikson, K. A., Butts, S., Coutifaris, C., Falcone, T., Fossum, G., Gitlin, S., Gracia, C., Hansen, K., La Barbera, A., Mersereau, J. E., Odem, R., Paulson, R., Pfeifer, S., Rebar, R., Rosen, M., Sandlow, J., Vernon, M., & Widra, E. (2018). Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline. Fertility and Sterility, 110(4), 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.040